Economic nexus is a sales tax connection between a business and a state established when the business exceeds specific revenue or transaction thresholds, typically $100,000 in sales or 200 transactions annually, requiring sales tax collection and remittance.
It has fundamentally changed how e-commerce businesses handle sales tax compliance. Following the 2018 Supreme Court ruling in South Dakota v. Wayfair, states can now require remote sellers to collect sales tax based solely on their economic activity within the state, regardless of whether they have a physical presence there.
This shift affects thousands of online businesses that previously only collected sales tax in states where they had physical locations. Understanding economic nexus thresholds and compliance requirements is essential for avoiding costly penalties and maintaining business growth.
Understanding Economic Nexus
Economic nexus represents a modern approach to sales tax collection that addresses the realities of the digital economy. Unlike traditional physical nexus, which requires a tangible presence, such as an office or warehouse, economic nexus focuses purely on sales volume and transaction frequency.
The concept emerged from states’ need to capture sales tax revenue from online businesses. Before South Dakota vs. Wayfair, online retailers could sell millions of dollars worth of products to customers in a state without collecting that state’s sales tax, creating an unfair advantage over local brick-and-mortar businesses.
Historical Context of Nexus
Before June 21, 2018, the 1992 Supreme Court case Quill Corp. v. North Dakota prevented states from requiring businesses to collect sales tax without a physical presence. The Wayfair decision overturned this precedent, allowing states to implement economic nexus laws based solely on sales activity.
According to the Federation of Tax Administrators, 45 states plus Washington D.C., have implemented economic nexus laws since the Wayfair ruling, fundamentally reshaping sales tax compliance for remote sellers.
Who Does Economic Nexus Affect?
Economic nexus impacts companies that don’t have a physical presence in a state, such as e-commerce or other online sellers. These companies may sell goods and services in that state and meet or exceed its economic nexus threshold.
How Economic Nexus Works
Economic nexus operates on threshold-based triggers that vary by state but generally follow similar patterns. Understanding these mechanisms helps businesses proactively manage compliance obligations.
Different Types of Nexus
Here’s a quick guide to the other types of nexus you may encounter:
- Physical Nexus: The old-school kind. If you’ve got offices, warehouses, or even a few employees in a state, congrats, you’ve got nexus!
- Affiliate Nexus: Do you have partners or affiliates in a state who promote your products? Their activities might bring you into nexus territory.
- Click-Through Nexus: This occurs when someone clicks on a website link that directs them to your products. If enough clicks turn into sales, you’re looking at nexus.
- Marketplace Nexus: Selling on platforms like Amazon? These big players can rope you into nexus based on their own ties to various states.
Key Principles of Economic Nexus
Here are some principles behind how economic nexus works:
- Revenue-Based Thresholds: Most states use annual gross sales figures, typically $100,000, though some states like California and Texas set higher thresholds at $500,000.
- Transaction-Based Thresholds: Many states include transaction count requirements, commonly 200 separate sales transactions per year.
- Combined Requirements: Some states require businesses to meet both revenue AND transaction thresholds, while others use an “or” condition where meeting either threshold triggers nexus.
- Measurement Periods: States calculate thresholds using either the current calendar year, previous calendar year, or a rolling 12-month period.
Benefits of Understanding Economic Nexus
Economic nexus is vital to understand for your business, especially if you operate an online store or services. Here are the benefits:
- Risk Mitigation: Proper tracking prevents costly penalties and audit situations
- Competitive Advantage: Compliant businesses avoid the legal risks that affect non-compliant competitors
- Scalability: Understanding thresholds allows for strategic business planning as you expand
- Customer Trust: Proper tax collection demonstrates professionalism and legitimacy
Common Economic Nexus Scenario
Earnie’s E-Commerce Emporium is based in California but sells to customers nationwide. Earnie’s has sales tax nexus in California because they are based there. But they also sell to many customers in Colorado. Last year, they sold over $300,000 annually to Colorado customers.
Colorado’s economic nexus sales tax threshold is either $100,000 in annual sales or 200 transactions. This means that even though Earnie’s E-Commerce Emporium isn’t based in Colorado and has no employees, stores, or warehouses there, it has economic nexus in Colorado and is required to collect Colorado sales tax.
Economic Nexus Thresholds by State
Understanding each state’s specific requirements is crucial for compliance planning. While many states adopted the Wayfair precedent of $100,000 or 200 transactions, significant variations exist.
| State | Economic Nexus Threshold | Date Implemented | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Retail sales of more than $250,000 made directly by the seller during the previous calendar year. | October 1, 2018 | Alabama Department of Revenue |
| Alaska | While Alaska does not have a statewide sales tax, some municipalities have a local sales tax. In those cases, the nexus threshold is $100,000 in gross annual sales. | January 1, 2020 | Alaska Remote Sellers Sales Tax Commission |
| Arizona | Gross sales of $100,000 or more in the previous or current calendar year. | October 1, 2019 | Arizona Department of Revenue |
| Arkansas | Taxable sales of more than $100,000 or more than 200 transactions during the previous or current calendar year. | July 1, 2019 | Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration |
| California | Sales of tangible personal property exceed $500,000 during the preceding or current calendar year. | April 1, 2019 | California Department of Tax and Fee Administration |
| Colorado | More than $100,000 in retail sales in the preceding or current calendar year. | June 1, 2019 | Colorado Department of Revenue |
| Connecticut | Retail sales of at least $100,000 and 200 transactions during a 12-month period. | December 1, 2018 | Connecticut Department of Revenue Services (Conn. Gen. Stat. sec. 12-407(a)(12)(g) |
| Florida | Taxable retail sales of tangible personal property exceed $100,000 over the previous calendar year. | July 1, 2021 | Florida Department of Revenue |
| Georgia | Gross revenue from retail sales of tangible personal property exceeds $100,000, or the number of retail sales of tangible personal property is 200 or more in the previous or current calendar year. | January 1, 2020 | Georgia Department of Revenue |
| Hawaii | Gross proceeds of $100,000 or more, or 200 or more separate transactions in the preceding or current calendar year. | July 1, 2018 | Hawaii Department of Taxation |
| Idaho | Sales exceed $100,000 in the previous or current calendar year. | June 1, 2019 | Idaho State Tax Commission |
| Illinois | Gross receipts from sales of tangible personal property of $100,000 or more during the previous 12-month period. | October 1, 2018 | Illinois Revenue |
| Indiana | Gross revenue exceeds $100,000 in the previous or current calendar year. | October 1, 2018 | Indiana Department of Revenue |
| Iowa | Gross revenue exceeded $100,000 in the previous or current calendar year. | January 1, 2019 | Iowa Department of Revenue |
| Kansas | Gross sales exceeded $100,000 in the previous or current calendar year. | July 1, 2021 | Kansas Department of Revenue |
| Kentucky | Gross receipts from sales exceed $100,000, or the seller makes 200 or more separate transactions in the previous or current calendar year. | July 1, 2018 | Kentucky Department of Revenue |
| Louisiana | Gross revenue from sales exceeds $100,000 in the previous or current calendar year. | July 1, 2020 | Louisiana Department of Revenue (La. Revenue and Taxation sec. 47:301 |
| Maine | Total gross sales of tangible personal property or taxable services in the previous or current year exceed $100,000. | July 1, 2018 | Maine Revenue Services |
| Maryland | Gross revenue from sales exceeds $100,000, or the number of transactions is 200 or more during the previous or current calendar year. | October 1, 2018 | Comptroller of Maryland |
| Massachusetts | Sales exceed $100,000 in the previous or current taxable year. | October 1, 2019 | Massachusetts Department of Revenue |
| Michigan | Gross sales (taxable and nontaxable) in the prior year exceed $100,000, or the number of transactions exceeds 200. | October 1, 2018 | Michigan Department of Treasury |
| Minnesota | Retail sales exceed $100,000, or the seller made 200 or more retail sales in the previous 12 months. | October 1, 2019 | Minnesota Department of Revenue |
| Mississippi | Sales of more than $250,000 in the previous 12 months. | September 1, 2018 | Mississippi Department of Revenue |
| Missouri | Gross receipts from taxable sales of tangible personal property exceed $100,000 annually. | January 1, 2023 | Missouri Department of Revenue |
| Nebraska | Retail sales of more than $100,000, or the number of separate transactions is 200 or more during the previous or current calendar year. | April 1, 2019 | Nebraska Department of Revenue |
| Nevada | Retail sales of more than $100,000, or the number of separate retail transactions is 200 or more in the previous or current calendar year. | October 1, 2018 | Nevada Department of Taxation |
| New Jersey | Gross revenue from sales of tangible personal property, specified digital products, or taxable services exceeds $100,000, or the number of separate transactions is 200 or more in the previous or current calendar year. | November 1, 2018 | New Jersey Division of Taxation |
| New Mexico | Taxable gross receipts of at least $100,000 in the previous calendar year. | July 1, 2019 | New Mexico Taxation and Revenue Department |
| New York | Gross receipts from sales of tangible personal property exceed $500,000, and the seller made more than 100 sales of tangible personal property in the previous four sales tax quarters. | June 21, 2018 | New York Department of Taxation and Finance |
| North Carolina | Gross sales exceed $100,000 in the previous or current calendar year. | November 1, 2018 | North Carolina Department of Revenue |
| North Dakota | Taxable sales exceed $100,000 in the previous or current calendar year. | October 1, 2018 | North Dakota Office of State Tax Commissioner |
| Ohio | Gross receipts exceed $100,000, or the seller makes 200 or more separate transactions in the previous or current calendar year. | August 1, 2019 | Ohio Department of Taxation |
| Oklahoma | Taxable merchandise sales exceed $100,000 in the previous or current calendar year. | November 1, 2019 | Oklahoma Tax Commission |
| Pennsylvania | Gross sales exceeding $100,000 in the previous calendar year. | July 1, 2019 | Pennsylvania Department of Revenue |
| Rhode Island | Gross revenue from sales of $100,000 or more, or the number of separate transactions is 200 or more in the previous calendar year. | July 1, 2019 | Rhode Island Division of Taxation |
| South Carolina | Gross revenue from sales of tangible personal property, products transferred electronically, and services delivered into the state exceed $100,000 in the previous or current calendar year. | November 1, 2018 | South Carolina Department of Revenue |
| South Dakota | Gross revenue from sales exceeds $100,000 in the previous or current calendar year. | November 1, 2018 | South Dakota Department of Revenue |
| Tennessee | Retail sales of $100,000 or more in the previous 12-month period. | October 1, 2019 | Tennessee Department of Revenue |
| Texas | Total revenue of $500,000 or more during the preceding 12 calendar months. | January 1, 2019 | Texas Comptroller |
| Utah | Gross revenue from sales of tangible personal property, products transferred electronically, or services exceeds $100,000. | January 1, 2019 | Utah State Tax Commission |
| Vermont | A minimum of $100,000 in sales or at least 200 individual sales transactions during the preceding 12-month period. | July 1, 2018 | Vermont Department of Taxes |
| Virginia | Annual gross retail sales exceed $100,000, or the seller makes 200 or more sales transactions in the previous or current calendar year. | July 1, 2019 | Virginia Tax |
| Washington | More than $100,000 in cumulative gross receipts in the current or prior year. | October 1, 2018 | Washington Department of Revenue |
| Washington DC | Gross receipts of more than $100,000, or the number of separate retail transactions is 200 or more in the previous or current calendar year. | January 1, 2019 | Washington DC Office of Tax and Revenue |
| West Virginia | Gross sales of $100,000 or more, or the number of separate transactions for goods or services is 200 or more in the preceding or current calendar year. | January 1, 2019 | West Virginia Tax Division |
| Wisconsin | Gross sales exceed $100,000 in the previous or current calendar year. | October 1, 2018 | Wisconsin Department of Revenue |
| Wyoming | Gross revenue from the sale of tangible personal property, admissions, or services delivered exceeds $100,000 in the preceding or current calendar year. | February 1, 2019 | Wyoming Department of Revenue |
Challenges and Common Misconceptions of Economic Nexus
Understanding common pitfalls helps businesses avoid compliance issues and costly mistakes.
Major Misconceptions
Myth: “Economic nexus replaces physical nexus.”
Reality: Economic nexus exists alongside physical nexus. Having an office, employee, or inventory in a state still creates nexus obligations regardless of sales volume.
Myth: “The $100,000 threshold is universal.”
Reality: Thresholds vary significantly by state, and some states have unique calculation methods or additional requirements. States can also decide to change their thresholds over time as economic nexus continues to evolve.
Myth: “Marketplace sales don’t count toward my nexus calculations.”
Reality: This varies by state. Some include all sales regardless of channel, while others exclude marketplace facilitator sales.
Common Compliance Challenges
- Tracking Multiple Thresholds: Managing different calculation periods, threshold amounts, and measurement criteria across 45+ states requires sophisticated systems.
- Retroactive Obligations: Some businesses discover nexus obligations after already exceeding thresholds, creating retroactive compliance requirements.
- Multi-Channel Complexity: Businesses selling through their own websites, marketplaces, and wholesale channels face complex calculations about which sales count toward nexus.
- Product Taxability Variations: Different states tax different products, making accurate collection more complex than simply applying a single rate.
Sales Tax Registration and Compliance Requirements
Once economic nexus is established, businesses must navigate state-specific registration and ongoing compliance requirements.
Registration Process
Most states require registration within 30 days of establishing nexus, though some allow longer periods. You’ll need to have the required information, which typically includes business formation documents, EIN, banking information, and anticipated sales volume. Remember that this will vary by state.
Registration fees can vary from $0 to $100 depending on the state that you are registering in. Most sellers will receive their sales tax permit within one to four weeks, but some stats may take longer during busy periods.
Ongoing Sales Tax Compliance Obligations
Your filing frequency will be determined when you register for a sales tax permit. It will be on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis. Each state has specific due dates, typically the 20th of the month following the filing period.
Most states require electronic filing and payment, with penalties for late submissions. Businesses must maintain detailed sales tax records, exemption certificates, and filing documentation.
Economic Nexus: Conclusion
Economic nexus has fundamentally changed sales tax compliance for e-commerce businesses, creating obligations in states where businesses have no physical presence. With thresholds ranging from $100,000 to $500,000 and varying calculation methods across 45+ states, tracking and maintaining compliance requires strategic planning—which often means turning to automated solutions for help.
The key to successful economic nexus management is proactive monitoring of sales thresholds, understanding state-specific requirements, and implementing systems that scale with business growth. As your business expands, the complexity of multi-state compliance increases exponentially, making professional guidance and automated solutions increasingly valuable.
Ready to eliminate economic nexus compliance headaches?
Discover how Zamp’s managed sales tax solution handles nexus monitoring, registration, filing, and remittance across all states, letting you focus on growing your business instead of managing tax compliance complexity.
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